Modern Linguistics necessarily begins with the work od Ferdinand de Saussure and his General course on linguistics. The central continuing notion is that language is a closed system of structural relations, meanings and grammatical uses of linguistic elements depend on the sets of oppositions created among all the elements within the system.
De Saussure introduced distinctions such as synchronic (at a single specific time) vs diachronic (historical) analyses of language, and langue vs parole (competence vs performance).
The Prague School and the London School are still important sources of linguistic research, and both have had a considerable influence on later developments in American linguistics. Course in general linguistics
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